Sartrean Existentialism Essays - Philosophy, French People

Sartrean Existentialism has generally been perused as a use of Sartrean existentialism to the issue of ladies. Pundits have guaranteed a Sartrean birthplace for Beauvoir's focal postulations: that under man centric society lady is the Other, and that 'one isn't brought into the world a lady, however gets one.' An examination of Beauvoir's as of late found 1927 journal, composed while she was a truth seeker at the Sorbonne, two years before her first gathering with Sartre, challenges this understanding. In this journal, Beauvoir confirms her promise to doing theory, characterizes the philosophical issue of 'the restriction of self and other,' and investigates the connections among adoration and mastery. In 1927, she along these lines establishes the frameworks of both Sartre's phenomenology of relational connections and of her own theory, in The Second Sex, that lady is the Other. Her depictions of the experience of opportunity and decision point to the impact of Bergson, explicitly his ideas of 'turning out to be' and ?lan fundamental. Following Beauvoir's work day from her unopinionated position of 1927 to the women's activist commitment of The Second Sex focuses to the impact of the African-American author, Richard Wright, whose portrayal of the lived understanding of persecution of blacks Motion pictures and Television

Algorithm - 1 free essay sample

It might likewise be noted from the given models that to take care of a given issue, each guidance must be carefully done in a specific grouping. It is this reality, which a tenderfoot to critical thinking by PCs discovers hard to appreciate. Portrayal of Algorithms There are different manners by which a calculation can be spoken to. Developers ordinarily utilize at least one of the accompanying approaches to speak to their calculations: I. As projects 2, As flowcharts 3. As pseudocodes At the point when a calculation is spoken to as a programming language, it turns into a program. Henceforth, any program is a calculation, despite the fact that the opposite isn't accurate. Other than spoke to as projects, calculations are regularly spoken to as flowcharts and pseudocodes. These are the commo1ly IIsed devices utilized by software engineers for program arranging, which can frequently be of enormous assistance in building up a viable and right calculation for a program, before it is coded into a programming language. We will compose a custom article test on Calculation 1 or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Flowchart A flowchart is a pictorial portrayal of a calculation. It is frequently utilized by software engineers as a program-arranging device for sorting out an arrangement of steps important to tackle an issue by a PC. It utilizes boxes of various shapes to indicate various kinds of guidelines. The genuine directions are composed inside these cases utilizing clear and compact proclamations. These cases are associated by strong lines having bolt checks to demonstrate the progression of activity, that is, the specific arrangement where the directions are to be executed. The way toward drawing a flowchart for a calculation is regularly alluded to as flowcharting.

Blog Archive B-School Insider Interview Second-Year Student, Harvard Business School, Class of 2015

Blog Archive B-School Insider Interview Second-Year Student, Harvard Business School, Class of 2015 Born and raised in the South, this student earned a degree in economics from Princeton University before moving to California to work in mergers and acquisitions. Feeling a call to pursue something more meaningful and “be a part of a tremendous force for good,” he eventually left investment banking to join the armed forces for several years. His next “logical step” was an MBA degree. [Note: The following has been edited and condensed for clarity.] mbaMission: Did you arrive at HBS [Harvard Business School] knowing what you wanted to do when you graduated? Harvard Business School Second Year: No, I really didn’t. I now have a much greater sense of that. I think people apply to certain places due to the power or the name brand of the school. My sense is that there’s not a huge difference in education really anywhere. You’re going to learn discounted cash flow analysis and marketing strategies at any business school in the nationâ€"or the world, for that matter. So I think people apply where they think they’ll get a lift in their resume and their “marketability” and employability. So I certainly wouldn’t say I was any different from anyone else in that regard. mbaMission: Did you apply to any other schools? HBSSY: I did, yes. So I applied to HBS. I applied to Wharton. I applied to MIT Sloan, and I applied to [Duke] Fuqua. mbaMission: And did you ultimately have a choice? HBSSY: I did. For me, to be quite frank, the power of the HBS brand name is pretty tremendous. I think it would be disingenuous to say it’s not. And I just really loved HBS when I visited. I’d go up and see friends. I love the area. There are certainly differences [among the schools], and there are pros and cons everywhere, but I felt happy here. I felt like it was unlike anywhere else. Really, it’s a great place to be and certainly a good fit, and I have had numerous friends come through here, and it just made sense. It felt comfortable here. I think it’s kind of an initial sensation you get when you arrive on campus or you’re talking with folks hereâ€"just your comfort level walking around the classrooms or attending classes. I think that plays into it a great deal, and first impressions certainly help, too. I don’t have any regrets, obviously, but I also don’t have any counterpoint. mbaMission: How have the winters been for you, considering that you’re from the South and have lived in California? HBSSY: Yeah, the winters are pretty brutal. Last year was absolutely terrible, but I mean, it’s weather. It’s fun. It’s cold. You just have to find the right cold weather gear, and you’ll survive. What’s challenging is not necessarily the cold itself but how much that impacts your travel and your desire to go work out. Like, whether or not you want to walk across the street to go to the gym or run that half mile to the gym. You don’t think that that would impact you, but it kind of does. So it’s funny. mbaMission: So do you feel the school has matched what you expected when you enrolled? HBSSY:   Yeah, I certainly do. Quite honestly. I think I had an initial concern with HBS that it was just going to be a bunch of wealthy kids from Connecticut and upstate New York who were working in private equity or on a hedge fund for the last X number of years. So you think you’ll just walk into this very arrogant kind of gilded ivory tower, which I think is a common misconception, and it’s an initial fear I had. And it’s absolutely been the complete opposite. The people are quite humble and very kind, very intelligent, obviously, and very driven. And you really have to work to make people talk about themselves, which for me has been really nice. mbaMission: How has the classroom experience been for you? Harvard primarily uses the case method, which not everybody is necessarily up for. HBSSY: Again, I don’t have a counterpoint. I think people who will tell you that there are no cons to any school are being disingenuous. People learn in different ways. So the case method, and therefore the classroom discussions and the Socratic-style teaching method, it’s very interesting. It’s very much a “go home and learn it” thing, and you can use your classmates, but everybody tends to be pretty busy. So it’s very much the opposite of what you would imagine. In college, you’re given problem sets or such and have immediate access to “Okay, this is actually how you do it.” So this is less step-by-step, less regimented. So one of the complaints levied potentially against HBS is that if you’re weak in a certain area, you will ultimately get that knowledge and you’re going to be competent leaving, but the learning process is much different. It’s going to be trial by fire rather than a regimented buildup. But I have enjoyed it. There are upsides and downsides to it, and I think it depends on the type of learner you are. I’m much more of a rote, kinetic, repetitive learner, where I like to learn the basic learning blocks, whether it’s marketing or finance or looking at term sheets or whatever. I think there’s definitely a noticeable difference. But at the end of the day, HBS’s mission is to groom you to make C-Suite-level decisions and ask the right questions. So I think the environment has been really interesting, because I find that when I’m traveling or back home visiting family or out and about, you really start to unconsciously incorporate a lot of the discussions and questions into your daily life. It’s stuff as simple as thinking about random businesses you pass on the street, and you start wondering how their business works. It takes a lot of viewpoints, and it’s pretty helpful, certainly. mbaMission: How does all that translate with respect to work load? HBSSY: You can make a very healthy work-to-reward ratio. You could go home and prep literally all night for a case, you could prep for four hours and then not get called on in class, so you have to be a bit conscious of that. There’s an optimal ratio, an optimal amount of time to invest in the case to make sure you have solid grasp of it and have run the numbers on it. mbaMission: I imagine that finding that ratio could be challenging. HBSSY: Yeah. I think a lot of people are certainly willing to invest a little bit more time and make sure they are always on point with their comments and always offering a fresh idea. And I think there’s certainly great value in that, but you do have to personally find what the right ratio is for you. It’s hard. You’ve got a life to live, right? So you do get pulled in three or four directions, and it’s important to balance all those things. It’s challenging, but you’re here for a reason, so you need to make sure you do the work and contribute in some way. mbaMission: How does your learning team fit into all this? HBSSY: Here they call them discussion groups, and they meet the morning of classes. So for instance, classes start at 9:00 a.m., and the discussion groups meet at 8:00 a.m. The first half of the first semester, they’re mandatory, and the second half, they kind of become optional. There are pros and cons to it. I didn’t really do a great job of attending, and my argument was that I would have liked to have learned the material the night before rather than trying to cram the work. I want to learn the material the way I know it, so I can speak intelligently about it and not have you tell me about the analysis you did. So I didn’t find it exceptionally helpful, because basically, it can become a useless discussion if you haven’t done the work or don’t have a good grasp of it in the first place. And I would rather stay up later and get the work done the way I know how and at least I would be able to reach out to my classmates the night before, rather than come in in the morning and not know what I was doing. So I kind of had a contrarian view on it, but some people kept it up and really enjoyed it. I just don’t think the timing is correct on it. So that was my big complaint. I’d rather take the extra time in the evening and be comfortable and learn it the night before. mbaMission: What can you tell me about your FIELD [Field Immersion Experiences for Leadership Development] experience? HBSSY:   So there’s FIELD 1, FIELD 2, and FIELD 3, and FIELD 1 is a shadow class, basically, where you learn to cooperate, you learn teamwork. They put you in challenging mental scenarios. You’re still on campus. You work through problems with people, whether it’s literally building things together or doing simulated computer games or having challenging discussions. And then FIELD 2 is where you travel to a city in a foreign country and partner with a local company and help them do something. So you’re literally a free consultant for about two weeks to a foreign firm. And the other one is FIELD 3, where you are given cash to build a business, and you compete and pitch your idea and actually set up a functioning, working business. And if you fail, you have to write about it. The FIELD program is the entire first year. mbaMission: Where did you go for your FIELD 2? HBSSY: I went to China. It was phenomenal to see and to be a part of that. I’d never been to China. But the city was pretty filthy. The air quality went off index when we were there. I felt terrible. I mean, coming from being an athlete in college and being in the military, I’m used to not being in great conditions, and I felt absolutely miserable. Just raging headaches. It was quite weird. Before we landed, they told us, “Don’t eat vegetables. Don’t eat anything that water would have touched. Don’t drink the water. Don’t drink milk. Don’t drink any of the juices.” I mean, I get it, there’s probably a reason for that. But I think at the end, people were just drinking canned Cokes and eating I don’t know. It basically became a very weird existence where you’re just hoping to God you see a McDonald’s or something after a while. Those may have been exaggerated fears, but I think we got a weird intro to that. mbaMission:  Were you able to choose where you wanted to go, or was it assigned? HBSSY: There’s a system where you input your list. So you’re given 12 countries or 15 countries, and you rank your preferences on an index. And they have an internal system that compiles it all and analyzes it. You just basically rank your choices. I didn’t have anything I preferred over any other place, so it spit out China for me, but there are certainly a lot of other places as well. mbaMission: And how was the learning experience over there? HBSSY: It was tremendous. The people were fascinating. We really enjoyed our work. I don’t know if I’m allowed to say who the client was, but we worked with a small startup that was basically a client of a much larger state-owned enterprise. And the liaison startup was fantastic. They were all friendly. The learning experiment was fantastic. To be able to see the area was really incredible, and it has undergone such growth. And that’s a once in a lifetime opportunity. You were given an inside glimpse into the culture and learn what’s appropriate and the right way to think about problems in China versus the United States. It’s a very different mind-set. mbaMission: And how did your venture go in FIELD 3? HBSSY: FIELD 3 went well. It was cool. You create an ideaâ€"and you do this super rapidly, so it creates a lot of stressâ€"but you have a group of like five people, and you throw your ideas out. “I think we should start, say, a home delivery service that delivers X.” Any business you can think of or you have an interest in, you throw out all your ideas, and everyone works through them to figure out what seems the most viable in the shortest amount of time. And that’s the other constraint, time, because it [FIELD 3] starts around February 1, when the second semester starts. So from February 1 to May 15, you have to set it up, make actual sales, and then on May 15, it all stops. It was neat. mbaMission: You touched on this a little earlierâ€"how would you describe your HBS classmates? HBSSY: I think they’re tremendous people. There’s a great sense of humility among the people here. Quite ambitious, incredibly intelligent, very social, very aware of the world. People you would see and think, “Hey, this is someone I could work with or work for.” And I think people tend to be very humble and very nice and very welcoming and friendly. So I was pleasantly surprised to see that. To go off on a bit of a tangent, HBS administration decided to start this Twitter campaign called, I think it’s #lifeatHBS. And I have huge problem with this, because I think it creates a perception that it’s just a giant party. So people will go to a game or travel to a city for a weekend, and they’ll take pictures out with friends or meeting someone famous and blast a picture on Instagram or on Twitter. And they tag it #lifeatHBS. And I think that’s a great initiative, but it creates a perception that this is just a bunch of wealthy students wandering around the world, throwing themselves elaborate parties. And you find that there’s a tiny, tiny concentration of people who are abusing this HBS-created Twitter campaign, and it looks like it’s the most arrogant, wealthy people just living it up. So it creates a pretty bad perception, I think, for HBS. But that’s certainly not the administration’s stamp. It’s just what I’ve seen that looks really bad. I would caution people not to take that as the majority. mbaMission: So you don’t feel that it’s representative of the true HBS experience. HBSSY: Not remotely, not even close. I think it’s potentially well intentioned, like an inside glimpse, meant to show what we’re doing, maybe on a daily basis, but it’s been taken and run with in the opposite direction. I think the real picture would be a student sitting in the Spangler Center, working. People sitting around a table, talking. I think there’s a much different perspective that is not broadcast by that Twitter campaign. To be fair, the official HBS #llifeatHBS page is very moderate, benign, and quite diverse in what it displays. However, there are a select few students who abuse that tag on their photos. I don’t like that a bit, because I think it sends the wrong message. mbaMission: So how has the school’s Career Development Office helped you in your job search? HBSSY: Number one, they do an incredible job of reaching out. They send weekly emails with updates and little two-minute professional videos they’ve made of correct interview techniques or the right way to make phone calls or cold calls, so you can tell there’s an incredible amount of money and time and resources put into career development. And they have people working there who are incredibly sharp. They have people from different industries that they lured from Goldman [Sachs] or Bain [ Company] or McKinsey [ Company]. So they’re now the full-time HBS staff to help people understand what it’s like inside the machine. They’re very good. With that being said, you can meet with people, but they can’t make the decision for you. They can tell you what a job is like, but at the end of the day, it’s your prioritiesâ€"do you value your time or your money or your effort or time with your family? I think they do a great job and invest heavily in it, and it’s very apparent. Because ultimately, that’s what props up the name brand of any school. So it behooves them to make their career development group a really sound institution. That’s the case here, certainly. I know some people were helped by it, but I was kind of in a weird limbo where I didn’t necessarily find it as helpfulâ€"but that was due to my internal conflict, and they were very much open to helping me. mbaMission: Do you know where you’re going after you graduate? HBSSY: I worked this summer and got an offer to return and had a great time. I don’t think that’s what I’m going to do, though. I’ve actually started a company here, quite recently, with a classmate. So we’re going to pursue this full-time after we leave. We’ve gotten enough momentum with it, and we’ve had enough indications of momentum and forward progress that we’re going to probably pursue this after we leave in May. mbaMission: That’s exciting! Did you think coming into HBS that you might end up being an entrepreneur? HBSSY: No, absolutely not. I mean, I think that’s an overly generous term to call me an entrepreneur. I think it’s more like the blind leading the blind. Or like some village somewhere is missing its idiot. Our business venture addresses a problem we have been able to frame and understand the pain points of. Honestly, being here, you learn so much about how to think about businesses and how to structure and analyze them and how to understand the financials and the projections and everything else that it kind of hit us that this is a huge problem we could potentially go and solve. But I don’t think of myself as an entrepreneur and much less as a successful entrepreneur, certainly. I am a business school student who’s in debt and trying to make something work. And it’s a completely different risk-reward profile. It is a powerful incentive to know that you can leave here making, you know, let’s call it $200,000 a year all in, including bonuses, the moment you walk out the door. You’ve got a pretty predictable life. Your hours are going to be fairly predictable. You know the salary is going to be there, your health insurance. It’s a very difficult thing to turn down. So I think we’re just a little bit nutty, that that’s what we’re going to go do. But if you think you can make it work, it’s exciting. mbaMission: Were there any particular classes that made you feel like starting your own business was now an option? Or a certain professor or experience? HBSSY: No, I think it was all the classes, everything from finance to entrepreneurship to marketing. It’s literally everything. You learn how to analyze and think about business in the right way to have your niche, defend your market position, think about how you do pricing and compensation and all aspects of that. Honestly, a lot of that is through the cases and the courses, but it’s also through listening to your peers and your classmates and your friends who have worked in the industry and made really great comments. So I think those individual data points added up over two years lead you to think you can at least give it a shot. mbaMission: Sure. Have you been involved in any of the student clubs? HBSSY: I have, yes. But I think there’s a huge problem with this, though I’m probably naturally a skeptical individual. The clubs are a different animal as well, where people say, “Hey, if you want to be in private equity or if you want to work for a consulting firm, you need to join this club.” So you show up as a first-year student without anyone telling you to hold up and really think about it. You show up for the club fair in the gym, and there are tables set up, and there’s this overriding sense of social pressure. And you’re like, “Are you kidding me? I’m 29 years old. I don’t succumb to social pressure.” But you see all your friends signing up for the Euro Business Club, and you think, “I probably need to go sign up for that. I don’t want to miss the opportunity to work for X company in Western Europe.” Please, this is my opinion only, but no part of any club is going to get you a job working at any given employer. They’re hiring you based on what they like in your resume and your experience, your background, your personality. The fact that you’re in a club or not in a club isn’t the key. Not to mention these clubs have annual dues, so you have to spend between $30 and $100 to join a club for the year. And it basically just covers speakers and mixers and such. That money adds up. It [being in a club] does convey your interest in a field, but it’s not getting you the job without going through the same interviews as your peers. I don’t know, I wish I had had better info when I got here, because I would not have joined any clubs. I have not joined any clubs this year. mbaMission: So that wasn’t particularly helpful for you, it sounds like. HBSSY: No. They will basically give you discounted tickets to go hear someone speak. So if you’re in a club, you’ll get like a $35 ticket as opposed to a $100 ticket. Some people enjoy it, but I’m a bit more skeptical of it. Last year, I spent a lot of money to join clubs and then never used them. But the flip side is that some companies literally download the clubs’ resume books. So that is a good counterpoint to my argument. So take it with a grain of salt, certainly. mbaMission: As for the HBS facilities, what would you say are the best parts or maybe the not so great parts? HBSSY: So there are two kinds of on-campus living arrangements. One is called SFPâ€"it’s Soldier’s Field Parkâ€"and those are graduate student apartments. You literally live in an apartment setting with hundreds of other students. And then there are the dorms, which are tiny. It feels like 20 square feet. It’s absolutely miniscule, so after the first year, there’s a pretty big movement of people who try to live off campus, if possible. I’m fortunate. I live off campus, but that’s because I got good insight from my buddies who were here before me. So I took their apartment. The dorms are one place I would never want to live, just because they are so small. The other challenge is that if you live on campus, you are really limited in your ability to go get food every week because there aren’t grocery stores nearby. But I can take the T [Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ], and it’s pretty efficient. It’s one stop away. You have your own apartment with a full kitchen when you live in SFP or the One Western Avenue apartments, but if you live on campus in the dorms, you don’t even have a stove in your room. It’s like college dormitoryâ€"style shared oven. mbaMission: Like a shared kitchen per floor or per wing? HBSSY:  Yes, a shared kitchen for a floor. I eat an incredible amount of food, so it would never work. If you’re on campus, it is very easy to go out to eat every night or eat on campus at the student center every night. The hurdles to get groceries and to store groceries are really challenging. So that’s one aspect. And I don’t like the gym. It’s really small. And again, this is a very esoteric comment, but I mean, this is Harvard. It’s very old. It’s a venerable institution. It has a ton of money, yet it’s got a very small student workout facility. To be fair, the gym at HBSâ€"Shad [Hall]â€"is a private gym for use exclusively by the business school students and HBS alums. It is not open to the public or other Harvard undergrads or grad students, so that’s nice. And they’ve got all the machines, but it’s just very small and very limited, and it gets a lot of use. So I don’t go to Shad anymore. I joined a gym closer to my apartment. It’s much less crowded, and during the winter when the temperature goes down into the teens, I don’t feel like making that 15-minute walk back [to Shad]. So I would rather just work out nearer to my apartment. It’s just kind of weird to me that Shad is so small. mbaMission: How would you describe the social scene? HBSSY: There are two answers to that question. One is your first year, there’s this huge social or external pressure to go to all the parties. Your section kind of becomes this centrifugal force pulling you out. And it seems like there’s an event every night. And every email that comes out is “the party you don’t want to miss” or “the party of the year.” And this is obviously ridiculous. So what you find is that everybody will get a ticket and wait until the day of the event, and then it becomes a buyer’s market because so many people decide not to go. Buying a cheap ticket is pretty easy, because people are exhausted or realize they don’t want to go. So with that as a context, the second year, it’s a massive retraction from that, where you’ve got your own plans. So you find the social pressure to go out and do things is almost nonexistent. And it’s really challenging, in fact, to be able to sit down and see people, because you’re just so busy doing your own thing. That’s been my experience. mbaMission: Did you attend any events that you particularly enjoyed? HBSSY:  I think it’s nice, your first year, if your section has a retreat. It’s great, and you spend a lot of time with these folks. So it’s nice to meet and talk to people and just be around folks socially. Whether you go to a ski lodge in Vermont or drive down to the Cape or something, it’s nice. However, I have not been to a social event that I thought was “life altering.” There have been some great speakers, but that’s a different thing. That’s not related to the social scene. And I think it would be extreme to say that a party or a social event had changed your life, I guess unless you meet your wife or your husband there. But the social events are certainly fun and enjoyable. mbaMission: What can you tell me about the faculty? Any standout professors? HBSSY:  Yeah, I’ve had a class with Rawi Abdelal, and he was my BGIE [“Business, Government, and the International Economy”] professor. I think incredibly highly of him. He has rave reviews. He’s loved by his students. He is a very gifted orator, a very, very tremendous speaker with the ability to guide the discussion and obviously intelligent about international affairs and international government. The one thing that I would say is that until you’re inside the machine, a good professor is a good professor anywhere, and I honestly think all of them here have been tremendous. I mean, there’s Joe Fuller, the founder of Monitor Group. He teaches “The Entrepreneurial Manager” and is just an encyclopedia of relevant worldly knowledge. And what’s interesting too is that there’s a mix of professors who are academic and professors who are practitioners. So you have people who spend a lifetime working and come back with incredibly sharp and relevant experiences. And some professors are brilliantly gifted academics. So you can see the two perspectives, and it’s different in the teaching style, but I think there’s a healthy mix. mbaMission: What do you think more people should know about HBS that they probably don’t? HBSSY: Probably three things. So the first thing is it is a lot of work. The perception that it is not is patently false. It’s a high volume of work, and it’s challenging. So that perception that you don’t work and life is a giant party, that’s absolutely false. First year especially is quite challenging. You’ve got a lot of things going on. There are times you can maybe cool off on the amount of work that you invest, but there’s a lot of truth behind the idea of “garbage in, garbage out.” So if you’re not willing to at least do some minimal work at home, then you’re not going to be a good student, you’re not going to contribute to discussions, and you’re not going to learn anything. Actions do have consequences. It’s not a cake walk. It becomes easier as time goes forward, but first year is very challenging. The second thing is that HBSâ€"or grad school, generallyâ€"costs a lot of money. They publish what they think a conservative budget should be, and when I was going in, I think it was $104,000. I think that is off. I mean, if you want to not live like a pauper, you are looking at well north of that amount of money. Because whether it’s going out to eat, going to social events, or going on tripsâ€"and not even an overwhelming amount of those thingsâ€"it really adds up quickly. But there is a huge external push to go do things with your section or go on a trip over spring break or whatever it is. It is much more expensive than is published, I think. And that’s not because this is HBS, it’s just because you are a grown, working person, and for the last few years of your life, your expenses have risen to meet your income, and it’s quite challenging to remove yourself from the lifestyle you’re used to living. So you want to retain some semblance of that. It’s expensive, but everybody does leave here with a comparable amount of debt. mbaMission: Sure. HBSSY: And maybe the final thing is that you’re not going to get a job just because you came here. Just having HBS on your resume does not mean you are going to get a job over any other business school alum, and they’re not going to get a job over you. It’s all based on your background, your experience, your competitive edge, and whether or not they like you. And so this is a great platform, but it is not the end all, be all. And that being said, it is not a guarantee that you can switch careers easily. If you want to work for a hedge fund, I can assure you that you’re not going to come from a background with no finance, no banking, and no private equity and get a job at a hedge fund just because you want to and it says HBS on your resume. That’s not happening. However, you absolutely do have the opportunity to change careers. The vast majority of HBS alums do change careers in the years following graduation, but there are certain careers that are more challenging to switch into. It helps you broaden your horizons, but oh, by the way, there are hundreds and hundreds of other students who do have a background in something you would like to do, and chances are they’re going to get hired, not necessarily you. It is still a competitive environment. I mean, I have been turned down by many firms. I attribute that to my having a different background and a different skill-set. And someone who’s got a much more relevant background is more likely to get the job. mbaMission: Well, thank you so much for your time and all your insight into the HBS program. HBSSY: No problem. It is a tremendous place with tremendous people. I’m glad I could help! Share ThisTweet B-School Insider Interview Harvard University (Harvard Business School)

Adolf Loos, Belle Epoque Architect and Rebel

Adolf Loos (December 10, 1870–August 23, 1933) was a European architect who became more famous for his ideas and writings than for his buildings. He believed that reason should determine the way we build, and he opposed the decorative Art Nouveau movement, or, as it was known in Europe, Jugendstil. His notions about design influenced 20th-century modern architecture and its variations. Fast Facts: Adolf Loos Known For: Architect, critic of Art NouveauBorn: December 10, 1870 in Brno, Czech RepublicParents: Adolf and Marie LoosDied: August 23, 1933 in Kalksburg, AustriaEducation: Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia, College of Technology in Dresden; Academy of Beaux-Arts at ViennaFamous Writings: Ornament Crime, ArchitectureFamous Building: Looshaus (1910)  Spouse(s): Claire Beck (m. 1929–1931), Elsie Altmann (1919–1926) Carolina Obertimpfler (m. 1902–1905)Notable Quote: The evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornamentation from objects of everyday use. Early Life Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos was born December 10, 1870, in Brno (then Brà ¼nn), which is the South Moravian Region of what was then part of the Austria-Hungary Empire and is now the Czech Republic. He was one of four children born to Adolf and Marie Loos, but he was 9 when his sculptor/stonemason father died. Although Loos refused to continue the family business, much to his mothers sorrow, he remained an admirer of the craftsmans design. He was not a good student, and it is said that by the age of 21 Loos was ravaged by syphilis—his mother disowned him by the time he was 23. Loos began studies at the Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia, and then spent a year in the military. He attended the College of Technology in Dresden for three years and the Academy of Beaux-Arts in Vienna; he was a mediocre student and did not earn a degree. Instead, he traveled, making his way to the United States, where he worked as a mason, a floor-layer, and a dishwasher. While in the U.S. to experience the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, he became impressed by the efficiency of American architecture and came to admire the work of Louis Sullivan. American architect Louis Sullivan is most famous for being part of the Chicago School and for his influential 1896 essay that suggested form follows function.  In 1892, however, Sullivan wrote about the application of ornamentation on the new architecture of the day. I take it as self-evident that a building, quite devoid of ornament, may convey a noble and dignified sentiment by virtue of mass and proportion, Sullivan began his essay Ornament in Architecture. He then made the modest proposal to refrain entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years and concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude. The idea of organic naturalness, with a concentration on architectural mass and volume, influenced not only Sullivans protege Frank Lloyd Wright but also the young architect from Vienna, Adolf Loos. Professional Years In 1896, Loos returned to Vienna and worked for the Austrian architect Karl Mayreder. By 1898, Loos had opened his own practice in Vienna and became friends with free-thinkers such as philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, expressionist composer Arnold Schà ¶nberg, and satirist Karl Kraus. The intellectual community of Vienna at the time of the Belle Epoque was made up of many artists, painters, sculptors, and architects, as well as political thinkers and psychologists including Sigmund Freud. They were all seeking a way to rewrite how society and morality functioned. Like many of his colleagues in Vienna, Loos beliefs extended to all areas of life, including architecture. He argued that the buildings we design reflect our morality as a society. The new steel frame techniques of the Chicago School demanded a new aesthetic—were cast iron facades cheap imitations of past architectural ornamentation? Loos believed that what hung on that framework should be as modern as the framework itself. Loos started his own school of architecture. His students included Richard Neutra and R. M. Schindler, who both became famous after emigrating to the west coast of the United States. Personal Life While Loos architecture was explicitly clean in line and structure, his personal life was in shambles. In 1902, he married 19-year-old drama student Carolina Catharina Obertimpfler. The marriage ended in 1905 amidst a public scandal: he and Lina were close friends of Theodor Beer, an accused child pornographer. Loos tampered with the case, removing pornographic evidence from Beers apartment. In 1919, he married 20-year-old dancer and operetta star Elsie Altmann; they divorced in 1926. In 1928 he faced a pedophilia scandal after being accused of having his young, poor models (aged 8–10) perform sex acts, and the main evidence against him was a collection of more than 2,300 pornographic images of young girls. Elsie believed they were the same images removed from Theodor Beers apartment in 1905. Loos last marriage was at the age of 60 and his wife was 24-year-old Claire Beck; two years later, that relationship also ended in divorce. Loos was also quite ill through much of his creative life: he slowly became deaf as a result of the syphilis he contracted in his early 20s, and he was diagnosed with cancer in 1918 and lost his stomach, appendix, and part of his intestines. He was exhibiting signs of dementia during his 1928 court case, and a few months before his death he had a stroke. Architectural Style Loos-designed homes featured straight lines, clear and uncomplicated walls and windows, and clean curves. His architecture became physical manifestations of his theories, especially raumplan (plan of volumes), a system of contiguous, merging spaces. He designed exteriors without ornamentation, but his interiors were rich in functionality and volume. Each room might be on a different level, with floors and ceilings set at different heights. Loos architecture was in stark contrast with the architecture of his Austrian contemporary Otto Wagner. Representative buildings designed by Loos include many houses in Vienna, Austria—notably the Steiner House, (1910),  Haus Strasser (1918),  Horner House (1921),  Rufer House (1922), and the Moller House (1928).  However, Villa  Mà ¼ller (1930) in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is one of his most studied designs because of its seemingly simple exterior and complex interior. Other designs outside Vienna include a house in Paris, France, for the Dada artist Tristan Tzara (1926) and the  Khuner Villa (1929) in  Kreuzberg, Austria. Loos was one of the first modern architects to use mirrors to expand interior spaces. The interior entry to the 1910 Goldman Salatsch Building, often called the Looshaus, is made into a surreal, endless foyer with two opposing mirrors. The construction of Looshaus created quite a scandal for pushing Vienna into modernity. Famous Quotes: Ornament and Crime Adolf Loos is best-known for his 1908 essay Ornament and Verbrechen, translated as Ornament Crime. This and other essays by Loos describe the suppression of decoration as necessary for modern culture to exist and evolve beyond past cultures. Ornamentation, even body art like tattoos, is best left for primitive people, like the natives of Papua.  The modern man who tattoos himself is either a criminal or a degenerate, Loos wrote. There are prisons in which eighty per cent of the inmates show tattoos. The tattooed who are not in prison are latent criminals or degenerate aristocrats. Other passages from this essay: The urge to ornament ones face and everything within reach is the start of plastic art. Ornament does not heighten my joy in life or the joy in life of any cultivated person. If I want to eat a piece of gingerbread I choose one that is quite smooth and not a piece representing a heart or a baby or a rider, which is covered all over with ornaments. The man of the fifteenth century wont understand me. But all modern people will. Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength. Death Nearly deaf from syphilis and cancer by age 62, Adolf Loos died in Kalksburg near Vienna, Austria, on August 23, 1933. His self-designed gravestone in Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof) in Vienna is a simple block of stone with only his name engraved—no ornamentation. Legacy Adolf Loos extended his architectural theories in his 1910 essay Architektur, translated as Architecture. Decrying that architecture had become a graphic art, Loos argues that a well-made building cannot be honestly represented on paper, that plans do not appreciate the beauty of bare stone, and that only the architecture of monuments should be classified as art—other architecture, everything that serves some practical purpose, should be ejected from the realm of art. Loos wrote that modern dress is that which draws least attention to itself, which is Loos legacy to modernism. This idea that anything beyond functional should be omitted was a modern idea worldwide. The same year Loos first published his essay on ornamentation, French artist Henri Matisse (1869–1954) issued a similar proclamation about the composition of a painting. In the 1908 statement Notes of a Painter, Matisse wrote that everything not useful in a painting is harmful. Although Loos has been dead for decades, his theories about architectural complexity are often studied today, especially to begin a discussion about ornamentation. In a high-tech, computerized world where anything is possible, the modern student of architecture must be reminded that just because you are able do something, should you? Sources Andrews, Brian. Ornament and Materiality in the Work of Adolf Loos. Material Making: The Process of Precedent, 2010. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, p. 438Colomina, Beatriz. Sex, Lies and Decoration: Adolf Loos and Gustav Klimt. Thresholds.37 (2010): 70–81.Loos, Adolf. Architecture. 1910. Loos, Adolf. Ornament and Crime. 1908. Rukschcio, Burkhardt, Schachel, Roland L. (Roland Leopold), 1939- and Graphische Sammlung Albertina Adolf Loos, Leben und Werk. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1982.Schwartz, Frederic J. Architecture and Crime: Adolf Loos and the Culture of the Case. The Art Bulletin 94.3 (2012): 437-57.Sullivan, Louis. Ornament in Architecture. The Engineering Magazine, 1892, Svendsen, Christina. Hiding in Plain Sight: Problems of Modernist Self-Representation in the Encounter between Adolf Loos and Josephine Baker. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 46.2 (2013): 19–37.Tournikiotis,  Panayotis. Adolf Loos. Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.

The Ethical Dilemma Involving Many Co Operations And It Is...

1. INTRODUCTION There is an ethical dilemma involving many co-operations and it is trust. The values of a leader is crucial to an organization in regards to the choices and decisions they make. According to (Westaby et al, 2010) leaders have to make judgment calls in various aspects of the business and this could affect the work force and the organization as a whole. Ethics are from a person’s morals and (Cianci et al, 2014) states this comes from cultural influence, environment and business interests. Leaders are responsible for the motivation and drive of their subordinates to perform in the organization however without the employees trusting the leader to be ethical and a good decision maker especially concerning their well being, this could prove to be a futile task. Many people wonder what exactly ethical leadership? (Wright and Quick, 2011) explain that it stems from an individual’s character; there are classic opinions that both religion and philosophies play a major role in the formation of personality. They attribute the make up of the character to be from Christian belief brought on by Saint Paul that encourages â€Å"faith, hope and charity† and other Asian beliefs such as Confucianism, also there are earthly views of fairness and social awareness. Wright and Quick, (2011) are convinced that both the religious and logical view point of the world make up a person’s character. 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Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella Book Report/Review

Essays on Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella Book Report/Review The paper "Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella" is a good example of a book review on engineering and construction. Gary Santorella intended to examine thoroughly the usage of Lean programs in the construction sector (Santorella, 2010). This examination entailed tackling employee challenges in terms of performance and wastes by using behavioral psychology ideologies at both deliberate and tactical levels. Santorella also wanted to draw a link between their ways of construction experts serve as leaders and their ways their mindsets and behavior influence performance and waste on a daily basis (Santorella, 2010). The book intends to enlarge the idea of morals past the simple litmus assessment of good and bad. The author believes this purpose should enable group leaders to undertake formal and subtle mindsets and behaviors toward the application of the Lean enhancements. Opinion I think the book is a decent introduction to the Lean philosophy in an industrial setting. The book can assist a construction company to function as a group rather than competing members. This way, the organization can raise its output significantly simply by concentrating on processing data and using resources more proficiently. I will look forward to developing and strengthening a construction project within several weeks. I think this book would enable me to enforce the Lean culture in my group. It is important for construction project participants to be hands-on and straightforward. I can use the cases and narration is present in the book to emphasize chief points and concepts about being practical and straightforward to my project group. As a result, I should avoid poorly designed organizational constructs, ambiguous roles and duties, and unsettled interpersonal disputes.

A Farewell Essay Example For Students

A Farewell Essay One of the best novels of Ernest Hemingway is A Farewell to Arms. Hemingway takes much of his life story to his novels. A Farewell to Arms is the typical classic story that can refer to Romeo and his Juliet placed against the odds. In this novel, Romeo is Frederick Henry and Juliet is Catherine Barkley. Their love affair must survive the barrier of World War I. The background of war-torn Italy adds to the tragedy of the love story. The story starts when Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his love in the hospital after he gets injured from the mortar attack. A Farewell to Arms is one of the best American novels because of the symbolism, the exciting plot and the characteristic of the main character, Lieutenant Henry. The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is very much apparent. For example, In the book, Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms, Malcolm Cowley focuses on the symbolism of rain. He sees rain a frequent occurrence in the book, as symbolizing disaster. He points out that, at the beginning of A Farewell to Arms, Henry talks about how things went very badly and how this is connected to At the start of the winter came permanent rain. In the book, Miss Barkley is afraid of the rain because she has a nightmare and she sees death in the rain. She says, Sometimes I see me dead in it, which she is referring to the rain as a death. It is raining the entire night when Miss Barkley is giving childbirth and when both she and her baby die.

The US Relationships with Panama and China

The U.S. and Panama Relationships since the End of the Cold War The USA and Panama relationships after the Cold War started with the invasion of the USA into the country. This was the first large-scale force of the USA non-connected with the Cold War. The main reason of such invasion was the overturn of the authoritarian leader, Manuel Antonio Noriega, â€Å"a corrupt dictator heading an efficient narcomilitaristic regime in Panama† (Gilboa, 1995, p. 539).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The US Relationships with Panama and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The USA did not plan to provide military operations in the direction of Panama. Trying to warn, convince, beg, etc., the USA wanted to cope with the task by means of peaceful negotiations. However, Manuel Antonio Noriega did not want to stop harmful actions, therefore, the USA desired to act. Nevertheless, the USA just wanted to give a les son to the Panama leader and the force invasion was just the means for warning. However, the ac t was not that successful as the USA thought. After this measure, Panama was not of the high opinion of the USA. The USA was expected to learn a good lesson â€Å"after the damage of bureaucratic infighting and miscommunication was evident in the Panama and the Gulf crises† (Gilboa, 1995, p. 540). The U.S. and Panama Current Relationships Sullivan (2011) characterizes the current relationships of the USA with Panama as â€Å"extensive cooperation on counternarcotics efforts; support to promote Panama’s economic, political, and social development; and a proposed bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) that was signed in 2007† (p. 14). The free trade agreement between these two countries brings much advantage of the both parties of the deal. The USA offers great financial support for the development of the Panama business. The USA and Panama conduct many security operation s together. The relationships between these two countries are rather friendly, however, these relations are based on a number of treaties and agreements which are signed officially. Panama is unable to cope with drug trafficking and money laundering, there fore, the USA offers its assistance in such questions. The USA is interested in dealing with the issue as the USA remains one of the main markets for Panama drugs due to the appropriate geographical location.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Obama exclaimed to develop the labor and tax policy to make sure that the relationships between Panama and the USA are correctly signed. Therefore, Panama citizens have an opportunity to work legally on the territory of the USA with the minimum required documents and other legal issues. Panama Canal has always been the issue for discussion between the USA and Panama. Howeve r, the recent treaties have been developed where the Panama Canal remains the property of Panama, however, the USA has an opportunity to use it in military purposes whenever it needs. The U.S. and China Current Relationships The end of the Cold War presupposed that great changes are going to be completed in the configuration of the international relations. The USA shifted its interest from the European countries into the Asian ones. It should be mentioned that China has become the focus of the USA due to its rapid development. The USA understood that China is going to enter the world economics in the nearest future and the friendly market relationships with this country would bring good profit. Of course, the USA could not expect that everything would go straight, as â€Å"China’s involvement in international institutions, norms, and regimes in the near future† (Islam, 2006, p. 24) as well as the USA policy in the direction of China was to be the main issues for relati onships development. Nowadays, the relationships between the USA and China remain relatively stable. Even though China is far from democratic regime and the USA does not really appreciate such relations, still, the USA and China develop friendly relationships at the international; arena where the USA tries to make China a responsible stakeholder (Nagao, Yoshizaki, Sato, Okagaki, 2000, p. 29). Contrast and Comparison of the Two Relationships Looking at the development of the USA relationships with Panama and China, it may be stated that nowadays, the USA tires to remain friendly to other countries. The post Cold War period was complicated and the USA needed much attempt and diplomatic strength to understand which relations deserve attention and which ones are to be a failure.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The US Relationships with Panama and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Panama and China are two countries which relationships with the USA after the Cold War developed differently, however, the current relationships are similar. The USA is the country which tries to control others in their development and gaining democratic issues, and Panama and China are the countries which remain under the USA control. China is independent from the USA, however, the USA does all possible to change the regime in China applying to the economical and political measures. Panama is the country which developed its relations with the USA through force invasion. Nowadays, the relations are friendly, however, Panama experiences some control from the side of the USA. Therefore, it may be concluded that having different post Cold War relationships, the USA develops its ties with such countries as Panama and China similarly. Works Cited Gilboa, E. (1995). The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era. Political Science Quarterly, 110(4), 539-373. Islam, A. K. (2006). The post-cold war U.S.-China relations: win-win or zero-sum game. Asian Affairs, 28(2), 24-45. Nagao, Y., Yoshizaki, T., Sato, H., Okagaki, T. (2000, 1 March). Post-Cold War International Society and U.S.-China Relationship. NIDS Security Reports, pp. 1-56. Sullivan, Mark P. (2011, 11 May). Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service, pp. 1-33.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on The US Relationships with Panama and China was written and submitted by user Cohen Kennedy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bread Givers essays

Bread Givers essays What it means to be an immigrant? In the Bread Givers, by Anzia Yezierska, tells the story of life as an immigrant in the Untied States, particularly immigrant women's pursuit of the American Dream. For many immigrants, the U.S. was the key to a better life, a life free of economic depression and religious oppression. America was a fantasy to all immigrants. The Jewish immigrants used historical analogies to describe sites of Jewish suffering in distinction to America as a place of freedom, opportunity, and promise. In the narratives that Jewish Americans tell about their collective past in the United States, the Lower East Side functions not just as a particular neighborhood where many Jews lived for some period of time but as exemplary of the Jewish experience in America. They came to America and found instead the Lower East Side, a warren of crowded, dirty, and mean streets. In this slum, these impoverished Jewish immigrants re-created the culture of Eastern Europe, thick with the smells, sounds, tastes, and noises of life in the "Old World." Lower East Side served as some kind of transitional zone for the Jewish immigrants. In that neighborhood, they underwent an ordeal of cultural reeducation as they learned to be free. The Lower East Side served as a middle ground where the Jewish immigrants dwelled among themselves while waiting for permission to enter the real America. It served as their narrow bridge between slavery and freedom, between the their homeland and the promised land of Ameri ca. Jewish immigrants in America, like any other immigrants, faced many obstacles. Their lives were ran thought by the recurrent themes of oppression, constriction, and danger, on one hand, followed by the expansiveness of liberation, on the other. Immigrants had to adjust to industrial labor, unfamiliar languages, and city life. Clinging to their national identities and religions. Jewish immigrants worked long and hard, to strongly ...

Optional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Optional - Essay Example Newton’s classic mechanics doesn’t have other categories of being such as such as mind, purpose, life or organization. Newtons laws of motion form the three physical laws that combined a form basis for classical mechanics. In contrast to Aristotle (Greece) point of view, he opposed the idea that the basis of true reality was only in a transcendental point. As a substitute model, he came up with his explanation of categories: Within the ten categories he explained that, "substance" was primary and defined what all objects contain. Other categories like relation, quality, and quantity were derived attributes, which were meaningful when assigned to an object that has substance. For him, the world consisted of persons and separated substances with common attributes. Aristotle gave an account that rotating spheres carried the Sun, Moon, Stars and planets around a stationary unique earth. In contrast to newton, his natural science established broad principles of change that controls all natural bodies, i.e. celestial, inanimate, living and terrestrial and motion change in

Police in the United States of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police in the United States of America - Essay Example The police aim to give a safe and secure environment to the public. In order to achieve this objective they are bound to maintain peace in public. They are aimed to save the residents' rights and public turbulences. The police also intend to stop those situations which may end up in public violation and disorder. Police ensures the public of safe and sound environment and expects the public to cooperate with them. In collaboration with other bodies, the police sketch out local safety policies which plan to encourage safer societies, decrease and combat offenses and conflicts, and promote comfort in the localities concerned. Hence if the duties of the police are to be analyzed it can be said that the role of police is to enforce law in such a manner that the public peace is maintained. This is because if law is enforced on the citizens the police department may get an aggressive reply. Thus the police should work according to the requirements of the public. They should take care of th e tiny things which the public need. They should handle situations of violence with care and heed. For e.g. if an angry mob is protesting against a certain situation then the police should not directly use aggressive methods against that mob. This is because if aggressive methods are used against them the public law and order situation could be disturbed. I.e. seeing the brutality of police against that mob another mob could possibly arise and revolt. Similarly in other situations the police department should be careful in tackling the problems of the public. Police officers in the United States are the most severe and troublesome reason of the human rights violation in the state. The infringements continue all around the country, in countryside, suburban, and metropolitan regions of the state, done by a range of law enforcement workers as well as local and state police, sheriff's sections, and federal forces. Police have occupied in unwarranted shelling, cruel beatings, deadly choking, and unreasonably rough behavior. Whereas the quantity of continually offensive officers on any force is in general small, the authorities in charge, together with law enforcement managers in addition to local and central government management frequently fail to take action with certainty to control or penalize such steps. A faction of the police officers is worsening the image of the whole department. And as mentioned above it is quite difficult to bring this faction to justice. Although the other faction of the police officers are quite working according to their standards still there is a need that corruption and racism is removed from the police department in the U.S.A. However it can be said that to a certain extent the police department of the USA has been successful. But as mentioned above the police department in the USA also has some flaws which need to be rectified. As the police are the main law enforcement agency it is their duty to maintain public order in the state. However the stance of the police should not be to enforce laws on the civilian but to maintain the situation of public law and order. If police is taking steps that are causing indiscipline then they must change their course of work. Their aim is

The Types And Techniques Of Steganography Computer Science Essay

The Types And Techniques Of Steganography Computer Science Essay This document focus on an unfamiliar field of study in IT sector i.e. Steganography. This document covers various concepts in Steganography, A brief history of Steganography and introducing few types of techniques available today in Steganography. It also covers other topics like security in Steganography, mobile messaging, MMS Steganography related information. This document closes with a summery and proper solution . The initial footages of Steganography were by the Greek historian Herodotus in hischronicles known as Histories and date back to around 440 BC. Herodotus recorded two stories of Steganographic techniques during this time in Greece. The first stated that King Darius of Susa shaved the head of one of his prisoners and wrote a secret message on his scalp. When the prisoners hair grew back, he was sent to the Kings son in law Aristogoras in Miletus undetected. The second story also came from Herodotus, which claims that a soldier named Demeratus needed to send a message to Sparta that Xerxes intended to invade Greece. Back then, the writing medium was text written on wax-covered tablets. Demeratus removed the wax from the tablet, wrote the secret message on the underlying wood, recovered the tablet with wax to make it appear as a blank tablet and finally sent the document without being detected. Romans used invisible inks, which were based on natural substances such as fruit juices and m ilk. This was accomplished by heating the hidden text, thus revealing its contents. Invisible inks have become much more advanced and are still in limited use today. During the 15th and 16th centuries, many writers including Johannes Trithemius (author of Steganographia) and Gaspari Schotti (author or Steganographica) wrote on Steganagraphic techniques such as coding techniques for text, invisible inks, and incorporating hidden messages in music. Between 1883 and 1907, further development can be attributed to the publications of Auguste Kerckhoff (author of Cryptographic Militaire) and Charles Briquet (author of Les Filigranes). These books were mostly about Cryptography, but both can be attributed to the foundation of some Steganographic systems and more significantly to watermarking techniques. During the times of WWI (World War 1) and WWII (World War 11), significant advances in Steganography took place. Concepts such as null ciphers (taking the 3rd letter from each word in a harmless message to create a hidden message, etc), image substitution and microdot (taking data such as pictures and reducing it to the size of a large period on a piece of paper) were introduced and embraced as great steganographic techniques. In the recent digital world of today, namely 1992 to present, Steganography is being used all over the world on computer systems. Many tools and technologies have been created that take advantage of old steganographic techniques such as null ciphers, coding in images, audio, video and microdot. With the research this topic is now getting a lot of great applications for Steganography in the near future. HOW STEGANOGRAPHY WORKS Steganography replaces unneeded or unused bits in regular computer files (Graphics, sound, text) with bits of different and invisible information. Hidden information can be any other regular computer file or encrypted data. Steganography differs from cryptography in a way that it masks the existence of the message where cryptography works to mask the content of the message. Steganography sometimes used in conjunction with encryption. An encrypted file may still hide information using steganography, so even if the encrypted file is deciphered,the hidden information is not seen. . TYPES OF STEGANOGRAPHY There are different ways to hide the message in another, well known are Least Significant bytes and Injection. When a file or an image is created there are few bytes in the file or image which are not necessary or least important. These type of bytes can be replaced with a message without damaging or replacing the original message, by which the secrete message is hidden in the file or image. Another way is a message can be directly injected into a file or image. But in this way the size of the file would be increasing accordingly depending on the secrete message STEGANOGRAPHY IN IMAGE Digital images are the most widely used cover objects for steganography. Due to the availability of various file formats for various applications the algorithm used for these formats differs accordingly. An image is collection of bytes (know as pixels for images) containing different light intensities in different areas of the image. When dealing with digital images for use with Steganography, 8-bit and 24-bit per pixel image files are typical. Both have advantages and disadvantages 8-bit images are a great format to use because of their relatively small size. The drawback is that only 256 possible colors can be used which can be a potential problem during encoding. Usually a gray scale color palette is used when dealing with 8-bit images such as (.GIF) because its gradual change in color would be harder to detect after the image has been encoded with the secret message. 24-bit images offer much more flexibility when used for Steganography. The large numbers of colors (over 16 million) that can be used go well beyond the human visual system (HVS), which makes it very hard to detect once a secret message, has been encoded. Large amount of data can be encoded in to 24-bit images as it is compared to 8-bit images. The drawback of 24-bit digital images is their size which is very high and this makes them suspicious our internet due to their heavy size when compared to 8-bit images. Depending on the type of message and type of the image different algorithms are used. Few types in Steganography in Images: Least significant bit insertion Masking and filtering Redundant Pattern Encoding Encrypt and Scatter Algorithms and transformations Least significant bit insertion Least Significant Bit (LSB) insertion is most widely known algorithm for image steganography ,it involves the modification of LSB layer of image. In this technique,the message is stored in the LSB of the pixels which could be considered as random noise.Thus, altering them does not have any obvious effect to the image. Masking and filtering Masking and filtering techniques work better with 24 bit and grey scale images. They hide info in a way similar to watermarks on actual paper and are sometimes used as digital watermarks. Masking the images changes the images. To ensure that changes cannot be detected make the changes in multiple small proportions. Compared to LSB masking is more robust and masked images passes cropping, compression and some image processing. Masking techniques embed information in significant areas so that the hidden message is more integral to the cover image than just hiding it in the noise level. This makes it more suitable than LSB with, for instance, lossy JPEG images. Redundant Pattern Encoding Redundant pattern encoding is to some extent similar to spread spectrum technique. In this technique, the message is scattered through out the image based on algorithm. This technique makes the image ineffective for cropping and rotation. Multiple smaller images with redundancy increase the chance of recovering even when the stegano-image is manipulated. Encrypt and Scatter Encrypt and Scatter techniques hides the message as white noise and White Noise Storm is an example which uses employs spread spectrum and frequency hopping. Previous window size and data channel are used to generate a random number.And with in this random number ,on all the eight channels message is scattered through out the message.Each channel rotates,swaps and interlaces with every other channel. Single channel represents one bit and as a result there are many unaffected bits in each channel. In this technique it is very complex to draw out the actual message from stegano-image. This technique is more secure compared to LSB as it needs both algorithm and key to decode the bit message from stegano-image. Some users prefer this methos for its security as it needs both algorithm and key despite the stegano image. This method like LSB lets image degradation in terms of image processing, and compression. Algorithms and transformations LSB modification technique for images does hold good if any kind of compression is done on the resultant stego-image e.g. JPEG, GIF. JPEG images use the discrete cosine transform to achieve compression. DCT is a lossy compression transform because the cosine values cannot be calculated exactly, and repeated calculations using limited precision numbers introduce rounding errors into the final result. Variances between original data values and restored data values depend on the method used to calculate DCT STEGANOGRAPHY IN AUDIO Implanting secrete message into an audio is the most challenging technique in Steganography. This is because the human auditory system (HAS) has such a vibrant range that it can listen over. To put this in perspective, the (HAS) recognize over a range of power greater than one million to one and a range of frequencies greater than one thousand to one making it extremely hard to add or remove data from the original data structure. The only weakness in the (HAS) comes at trying to differentiate sounds (loud sounds drown out quiet sounds) and this is what must be exploited to encode secret messages in audio without being detected. Below are the lists of methods which are commonly used for audio Steganography. LSB coding Parity coding Phase coding Spread spectrum Echo hiding LSB coding Using the least-significant bit is possible for audio, as modifications usually would not create recognizable changes to the sounds. Another method takes advantage of human limitations. It is possible to encode messages using frequencies that are indistinct to the human ear. Using frequencies above 20.000Hz, messages can be hidden inside sound files and can not be detected by human checks. Parity coding Instead of breaking a signal down into individual samples, the parity coding method breaks a signal down into separate regions of samples and encodes each bit from the secret message in a sample regions parity bit. If the parity bit of a selected region does not match the secret bit to be encoded, the process flips the LSB of one of the samples in the region. Thus, the sender has more of a choice in encoding the secret bit, and the signal can be changed in a more unobtrusive fashion. Phase coding Phase coding attends to the disadvantages of the noise inducing methods of audio Steganography. Phase coding uses the fact that the phase components of sound are not as audible to the human ear as noise is. Rather than introducing perturbations, this technique encodes the message bits as phase shifts in the phase spectrum of a digital signal, attaining an indistinct encoding in terms of signal-to-perceived noise ratio. Spread spectrum In the context of audio Steganography, the basic spread spectrum (SS) method attempts to spread secret information across the audio signals frequency spectrum as much as possible. This is comparable to a system using an implementation of the LSB coding that randomly spreads the message bits over the entire audio file. However, unlike LSB coding, the SS method spreads the secret message over the sound files frequency spectrum, using a code that is independent of the actual signal. As a result, the final signal occupies a bandwidth in excess of what is actually required for broadcast. Echo hiding In echo hiding, information is implanted in a sound file by introducing an echo into the separate signal. Like the spread spectrum method, it too provides advantages in that it allows for a high data transmission rate and provides superior strength when compared to the noise inducing methods. If only one echo was produced from the original signal, only one bit of information could be encoded. Therefore, the original signal is broken down into blocks before the encoding process begins. Once the encoding process is completed, the blocks are concatenated back together to create the final signal. STEGANOGRAPHY IN VIDEO In video steganography, a video file would be embedded with supplementary data to hide secret messages. In the process, an intermediate signal which is a function of hidden message data and data of content signal would be generated. Content data (video file) is then combined with this intermediate signal to result encoding. The supplementary data can include copy control data which can be brains by consumer electronic device and used to disable copying. The intermediate signal may also contain a pseudo arbitrary key data so as to hide encoding and decode needs corresponding key to extract hidden information from encoded content. In some implementations regulation data is embedded in the content signal with auxiliary data. This regulation data consists of known properties enabling its identification in the embedded content signal. This encoding is robust against scaling, resampling and other forms of content degradation, so that the supplementary data can be detected from the content which might have been degraded. There are different approaches for video steganography apart from the above mentioned. Most widely known are listed and discussed below. Least Significant Bit Insertion This is the most simple and popular approach for all types of steganography. In this method the digital video file is considered as separate frames and changes the displayed image of each video frame. LSB of 1 byte in the image is used to store the secret information. Effecting changes are too small to be recognized by human eye. This method enhances the capacity of the hidden message but compromises the security requirements such as data integrity. Real time video steganography This kind of steganography involves hiding information on the output image on the device. This method considers each frame shown at any moment irrespective of whether it is image; text .The image is then divided into blocks. If pixel colors of the blocks are similar then changes color characteristics of number of these pixels to some extent. By labeling each frame with a sequence number it would even be easy to identify missing parts of information. To extract the information, the displayed image should be recorded first and relevant program is used then. STEGANOGRAPHY IN DOCUMENT Steganography in documents just focuses on altering some of its characteristics. They can either be characteristics of text or even text formatting. Below are few ways listed and discussed to implement the same. Since everyone can read, encoding text in neutral sentences is doubtfully effective. But taking the first letter of each word of the previous sentence, one can see that it is possible and not very difficult. Hiding information in plain text can be done in many different ways. One way is by simple adding white space and tabs to the ends of the lines of the document .The last technique was successfully used in practice and even after a text has been printed and copied on paper for ten times, the secret message could still be retrieved. Another possible way of storing a secret inside a text is using a publicly available cover source, a book or a newspaper, and using a code which consists for example of a combination of a page number, a line number and a character number. This way, no information stored inside the cover source leads to the hidden message. Discovering it depends exclusively on gaining knowledge of the secret key. Setting background color and font color is one of the mainly used staganographic approach. This method is focused for Microsoft word documents. Choose predefined colors and set font and background colors of invisible characters such as space, tab or the carriage return characters. R,G,B values are 8 bits means we have allowed range of 0 to 255.Most of the viewers would not feel interested about color values of these invisible characters hence 3 bytes of information is easily hidden in each occurrence of space,tab or carriage return.This approach needs no extra information to hide required bits. SECURITY IN STEGANOGRAPHY PURE KEY STEGANOGRAPHY Pure Steganography is a Steganography system that doesnt require prior exchange of some secret information before sending message; therefore, no information is required to start the communication process: the security of the system thus depends entirely on its secrecy .The pure Steganography can be defined as the quadruple (C, M, D, and E) where: C: the set of possible covers. M: the set of secret massage with |C| à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ |M|. E: CÃÆ'-Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C the embedding function. D: Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢M of the extraction function with the property that D (E(c,m))=m for all m à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ M and c à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ C. Cover (C) Message (M) Embedding (E) Extracting (D) Strgo-Object Message(M) In most applications, pure Steganography is preferred, since no stego-key must be shared between the communication partners, although a pure Steganography protocols dont provide any security if an attacker knows the embedding method PRIVATE KEY STEGANOGRAPHY A Private Key Steganography system is similar to a symmetric cipher, where the sender chooses a cover and embeds the secret message into the cover using a secret key. If the Private Key used in the embedding process is known to the receiver, he can reverse the process and extract the secret message. Anyone who doesnt know the Private Key should not be able to obtain evidence of the encoded information. The Private Key Steganography can be defined as the quintuple (C, M, K, DK, and EK) where: C: the set of possible covers. M: the set of secret message. K: the set of secret keys. Ek: CÃÆ'-MÃÆ'-Kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢C With the property that DK (EK(c,m,k),k)=m for all m à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ M, c à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ C and k à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ K KEY KEY Strgo-Object Cover (C) Embedding (E) Message (M) Extracting (D) Message (M) PUBLIC KEY STEGANOGRAPHY Public key Steganography does not depend on the swapping of a private key. It necessitates two keys, one of them private (secret) and the other public: the public key is stored in a public database, whereas the public key is used in the embedding process. The Private Key is used to reconstruct the secret message One way to build a public key Steganography system is to use a public key crypto system. The sender and the receiver can exchange public keys of some public key cryptography algorithm before imprisonment. Public key Steganography utilizes the fact that the decoding function in a Steganography system can be applied to any cover, whether or not it already contains a secret message. The public key Steganography relies on the fact that encrypted information is random enough to hide in plain sight. The sender encrypts the information with the receivers public key to obtain a random-looking massage and embeds it in a channel known to the receiver, thereby replacing some of the natu ral arbitrariness with which every communication process is accompanied. Assume that both the cryptographic algorithms and the embedding functions are publicly known. The receiver who cannot decide a priori if secret information is transmitted in a specific cover suspect the arrival of message and simply try to extract and decrypt it using his private key. If the cover actually contained information, the decryption information is the senders message OTHER TYPES MOBILE MESSAGING STEGANOGRAPHY Mobile Messaging Service enables mobile users to send and receive messages containing image, audio and video. These messages are exchanged ultimately through a component known as Mobile Switching Center. MMS messages have several benefits like communicating even when the server is busy, exchanging messages while making calls, sending offline messages. They also provide services like eCommerce. As there is possibility of disclosure of confidential and personal information between various systems, information security has got immense importance. MMS Steganography provides confidentiality and integrity with subtle unremovability.Users can profit from concealed channels in order to send and receive hidden messages and keys. Multimedia objects may contain hidden information embedded to them using steganography techniques. The steganography technique used must satisfy following: Reliability of secreted information after it has been embedded inside the content should be correct. Content object should remain intact or almost unchanged to the human eyes. There can be mainly two types of steganography techniques possible for MMS objects. Fragile steganography comprises of implanting information into a file which is destroyed if the file is modified. Video Technique: Works over video files. Combinations of sound and image techniques are used to implement this as whole. The scope of adding lots of data is much greater. Sound Technique: Works over audio files like Mp3 files. Encode data as binary to sound like noise and can be identified by receiver with correct key. Data being added is in narrow bandwidth compared to the medium. Robust techniques aim to embed information into a file which cannot easily be destroyed. Image Hiding: Works over images. Lease Significant Bit Least significant bits of each pixel in one image are used to hide the most significant bits of another. Simple and easy way of information hiding. Direct Cosine Transform Transformed DCT coefficients would be altered. Image would be made robust by scattering the hiding information evenly. Wavelet Transform Dividing whole image into small wavelets and then hide the information. Coefficients of wavelets are altered with tolerable noise. Text Technique: Works over documents.Just by changing some of the characteristics of the content information can be embedded. Alterations would not be visible to user. As MMS Steganography becomes more widely used now there must be a clear definition of robustness. This definition helps to prevent detection and removal of embedded data. Below are the few properties a good technique should hold: Quality of media should not perceptibly degrade after embedding secret data. Secret data should be imperceptible with out secret knowledge, typically the key. If several data are there, they should not hamper with each other. Secret data should survive which dont degrade the perceived quality of work. MMS STEGANOGRAPHY RELATED WORK As MMS carries multi formatted data such as Text, Audio, Video and images, it has got more chances of sending secret messages and can implement various methodologies in order to keep the message safe and secret. Currently this study is all about Text and Video based Steganography. An MMS capable mobile with inbuilt cameras and customized applications has high importance in terms of steganography creation and extraction Capacity Efficiency Processing time Resource time consumption Advantage Text technique Less More Less Less Easy and simple to implement Video technique More More More More Holds lot of information compared to text technique Table -1- comparison between Text and Video steganography Techniques PROPER SOLUTION MMS Messages can hold any of video, audio, image and text encapsulated with in Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) . The recommended steganography deals with three major parts of MMS which can provide us with maximum capacity possible and not compromising main aim which is total security. The most important issues in steganography are secrecy, payload, robustness and speed. Below steps describes proposed steganography working model: First part of the process hides stegno key in SMIL using white space algorithm. Then Least Significant Bit algorithm is used to hide the secret message in video. Rest of the information would be hidden inside text of the MMS using abbreviation algorithm. Ratio of information hiding in video part to text part is 6:1 hence I bit stored in text corresponds to 6 bits stored in 3gp video. High security can be granted with reasonable processing speed and without affecting the performance of mobile. 2.10 CHAPTER SUMMERY This document is all about available Steganography techniques and methodologies. It has listed down the various methodologies and their uses. Along with these, it has also included about the MMS Steganography importance and ways to do that.

Prospero and Caliban of William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Prospero and Caliban of William Shakespeare's The Tempest  Ã‚   Within The Tempest, characters such as Prospero and Caliban share an intimate connection. Without some kind of malevolent force motivating the action of the play, none of the major characters would come into contact with each other. A violent storm, formed by Prospero's magic, subjects the foreign characters to the might of his mysterious power. Issues of control become a central part of The Tempest. One way in which this is highlighted is through the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, his bestial servant. Their relationship does not utilize the conventional imagery of those who hold power versus those who do not. Rather, Caliban comes to symbolize a physical manifestation of a darker part of Prospero's personality. Early in the play, Caliban is described as a beast-like figure who lived on the island before any foreign intrusion. Prospero and Miranda found Caliban and his mother living on the island when they themselves became shipwrecked there. The first words introducing Caliban describe him as the son of the witch Sycorax who was banished to the island. Caliban is described as someone who is,"not honored with/A human shape....[a] Dull thing..." (I. ii. 283-6) Though Caliban is referenced here as a figure of disgust and contempt, Prospero chooses to use the word "dull" in his description of this creature. Even before he is introduced, Caliban becomes labeled with imagery of darkness, or at the least, lessened brightness. This labeling comes from Prospero, who has shown the power to control clouds and can cause storms to cover up the sky if he so chooses. Prospero has the power to decide when the sun will shine, and when there is to be darkness, and rai... .... Her imminent marriage at the end of the play causes Prospero to open his eyes to the world once again, and readies himself to rejoin society. This realization of the need for darkness as well as light allows Caliban the chance of forgiveness at the closing of the play. Caliban says,"    Ay, that I will; and I'll be wise hereafter And seek for grace. What a thrice-double ass Was I, to take this drunkard for a god And worship this dull fool! (V. I. 295-8) Shedding off his "dullness" in favor of a chance at redemption, Caliban takes a few steps closer to understanding the way Prospero views the world. It is Prospero?s acceptance of Caliban?s darkness that finally allows Caliban to have something in common with the world of light, and desire to seek grace. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. New York: Penguin, 1970 [1623].   

Barriers to communication Essay

1.3 Identify barriers to effective communication A child, young person, their parent(s)/carer(s) or even a member of staff whose first language is foreign may make it harder for any communication spoken to them to be understood. They may only understand very small words of the language you’re speaking, so information will be harder to put across. For example; in my setting, there is a child who can understand what you are saying, but it seems, most of the time they seem very quiet. This may be due to their parent(s) being from a foreign country, so they may be able to communicate in their parent(s) language, but not in ours so may find it hard to communicate some of their needs/feelings. Someone may have a sensory deprivation – such as hearing or sight. This will make giving and receiving information harder to do – they may need an interpreter at all times for example. When talking to a service provider, they may use technical language that the service user may not understand which will make it harder for them to process the information and may worry what they have meant. Someone may be going through a difficult time that is making their emotions go all over the place – such as they may take things the wrong way, get upset easily, no full concentration and not trying as hard to complete/do things. Environmental/setting problems can cause a barrier for a communication – someone who may not be able to see very well will find it hard to read any written information in a dimly lit room. Or, for example, someone in a wheelchair can find it hard to communicate with someone if they are at a desk that is above the wheelchair users head.

Using Debates to Expand ESL Instruction