Adolf Loos, Belle Epoque Architect and Rebel

Adolf Loos (December 10, 1870–August 23, 1933) was a European architect who became more famous for his ideas and writings than for his buildings. He believed that reason should determine the way we build, and he opposed the decorative Art Nouveau movement, or, as it was known in Europe, Jugendstil. His notions about design influenced 20th-century modern architecture and its variations. Fast Facts: Adolf Loos Known For: Architect, critic of Art NouveauBorn: December 10, 1870 in Brno, Czech RepublicParents: Adolf and Marie LoosDied: August 23, 1933 in Kalksburg, AustriaEducation: Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia, College of Technology in Dresden; Academy of Beaux-Arts at ViennaFamous Writings: Ornament Crime, ArchitectureFamous Building: Looshaus (1910)  Spouse(s): Claire Beck (m. 1929–1931), Elsie Altmann (1919–1926) Carolina Obertimpfler (m. 1902–1905)Notable Quote: The evolution of culture is synonymous with the removal of ornamentation from objects of everyday use. Early Life Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos was born December 10, 1870, in Brno (then Brà ¼nn), which is the South Moravian Region of what was then part of the Austria-Hungary Empire and is now the Czech Republic. He was one of four children born to Adolf and Marie Loos, but he was 9 when his sculptor/stonemason father died. Although Loos refused to continue the family business, much to his mothers sorrow, he remained an admirer of the craftsmans design. He was not a good student, and it is said that by the age of 21 Loos was ravaged by syphilis—his mother disowned him by the time he was 23. Loos began studies at the Royal and Imperial State Technical College in Rechenberg, Bohemia, and then spent a year in the military. He attended the College of Technology in Dresden for three years and the Academy of Beaux-Arts in Vienna; he was a mediocre student and did not earn a degree. Instead, he traveled, making his way to the United States, where he worked as a mason, a floor-layer, and a dishwasher. While in the U.S. to experience the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, he became impressed by the efficiency of American architecture and came to admire the work of Louis Sullivan. American architect Louis Sullivan is most famous for being part of the Chicago School and for his influential 1896 essay that suggested form follows function.  In 1892, however, Sullivan wrote about the application of ornamentation on the new architecture of the day. I take it as self-evident that a building, quite devoid of ornament, may convey a noble and dignified sentiment by virtue of mass and proportion, Sullivan began his essay Ornament in Architecture. He then made the modest proposal to refrain entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years and concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude. The idea of organic naturalness, with a concentration on architectural mass and volume, influenced not only Sullivans protege Frank Lloyd Wright but also the young architect from Vienna, Adolf Loos. Professional Years In 1896, Loos returned to Vienna and worked for the Austrian architect Karl Mayreder. By 1898, Loos had opened his own practice in Vienna and became friends with free-thinkers such as philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, expressionist composer Arnold Schà ¶nberg, and satirist Karl Kraus. The intellectual community of Vienna at the time of the Belle Epoque was made up of many artists, painters, sculptors, and architects, as well as political thinkers and psychologists including Sigmund Freud. They were all seeking a way to rewrite how society and morality functioned. Like many of his colleagues in Vienna, Loos beliefs extended to all areas of life, including architecture. He argued that the buildings we design reflect our morality as a society. The new steel frame techniques of the Chicago School demanded a new aesthetic—were cast iron facades cheap imitations of past architectural ornamentation? Loos believed that what hung on that framework should be as modern as the framework itself. Loos started his own school of architecture. His students included Richard Neutra and R. M. Schindler, who both became famous after emigrating to the west coast of the United States. Personal Life While Loos architecture was explicitly clean in line and structure, his personal life was in shambles. In 1902, he married 19-year-old drama student Carolina Catharina Obertimpfler. The marriage ended in 1905 amidst a public scandal: he and Lina were close friends of Theodor Beer, an accused child pornographer. Loos tampered with the case, removing pornographic evidence from Beers apartment. In 1919, he married 20-year-old dancer and operetta star Elsie Altmann; they divorced in 1926. In 1928 he faced a pedophilia scandal after being accused of having his young, poor models (aged 8–10) perform sex acts, and the main evidence against him was a collection of more than 2,300 pornographic images of young girls. Elsie believed they were the same images removed from Theodor Beers apartment in 1905. Loos last marriage was at the age of 60 and his wife was 24-year-old Claire Beck; two years later, that relationship also ended in divorce. Loos was also quite ill through much of his creative life: he slowly became deaf as a result of the syphilis he contracted in his early 20s, and he was diagnosed with cancer in 1918 and lost his stomach, appendix, and part of his intestines. He was exhibiting signs of dementia during his 1928 court case, and a few months before his death he had a stroke. Architectural Style Loos-designed homes featured straight lines, clear and uncomplicated walls and windows, and clean curves. His architecture became physical manifestations of his theories, especially raumplan (plan of volumes), a system of contiguous, merging spaces. He designed exteriors without ornamentation, but his interiors were rich in functionality and volume. Each room might be on a different level, with floors and ceilings set at different heights. Loos architecture was in stark contrast with the architecture of his Austrian contemporary Otto Wagner. Representative buildings designed by Loos include many houses in Vienna, Austria—notably the Steiner House, (1910),  Haus Strasser (1918),  Horner House (1921),  Rufer House (1922), and the Moller House (1928).  However, Villa  Mà ¼ller (1930) in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is one of his most studied designs because of its seemingly simple exterior and complex interior. Other designs outside Vienna include a house in Paris, France, for the Dada artist Tristan Tzara (1926) and the  Khuner Villa (1929) in  Kreuzberg, Austria. Loos was one of the first modern architects to use mirrors to expand interior spaces. The interior entry to the 1910 Goldman Salatsch Building, often called the Looshaus, is made into a surreal, endless foyer with two opposing mirrors. The construction of Looshaus created quite a scandal for pushing Vienna into modernity. Famous Quotes: Ornament and Crime Adolf Loos is best-known for his 1908 essay Ornament and Verbrechen, translated as Ornament Crime. This and other essays by Loos describe the suppression of decoration as necessary for modern culture to exist and evolve beyond past cultures. Ornamentation, even body art like tattoos, is best left for primitive people, like the natives of Papua.  The modern man who tattoos himself is either a criminal or a degenerate, Loos wrote. There are prisons in which eighty per cent of the inmates show tattoos. The tattooed who are not in prison are latent criminals or degenerate aristocrats. Other passages from this essay: The urge to ornament ones face and everything within reach is the start of plastic art. Ornament does not heighten my joy in life or the joy in life of any cultivated person. If I want to eat a piece of gingerbread I choose one that is quite smooth and not a piece representing a heart or a baby or a rider, which is covered all over with ornaments. The man of the fifteenth century wont understand me. But all modern people will. Freedom from ornament is a sign of spiritual strength. Death Nearly deaf from syphilis and cancer by age 62, Adolf Loos died in Kalksburg near Vienna, Austria, on August 23, 1933. His self-designed gravestone in Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof) in Vienna is a simple block of stone with only his name engraved—no ornamentation. Legacy Adolf Loos extended his architectural theories in his 1910 essay Architektur, translated as Architecture. Decrying that architecture had become a graphic art, Loos argues that a well-made building cannot be honestly represented on paper, that plans do not appreciate the beauty of bare stone, and that only the architecture of monuments should be classified as art—other architecture, everything that serves some practical purpose, should be ejected from the realm of art. Loos wrote that modern dress is that which draws least attention to itself, which is Loos legacy to modernism. This idea that anything beyond functional should be omitted was a modern idea worldwide. The same year Loos first published his essay on ornamentation, French artist Henri Matisse (1869–1954) issued a similar proclamation about the composition of a painting. In the 1908 statement Notes of a Painter, Matisse wrote that everything not useful in a painting is harmful. Although Loos has been dead for decades, his theories about architectural complexity are often studied today, especially to begin a discussion about ornamentation. In a high-tech, computerized world where anything is possible, the modern student of architecture must be reminded that just because you are able do something, should you? Sources Andrews, Brian. Ornament and Materiality in the Work of Adolf Loos. Material Making: The Process of Precedent, 2010. Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, p. 438Colomina, Beatriz. Sex, Lies and Decoration: Adolf Loos and Gustav Klimt. Thresholds.37 (2010): 70–81.Loos, Adolf. Architecture. 1910. Loos, Adolf. Ornament and Crime. 1908. Rukschcio, Burkhardt, Schachel, Roland L. (Roland Leopold), 1939- and Graphische Sammlung Albertina Adolf Loos, Leben und Werk. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1982.Schwartz, Frederic J. Architecture and Crime: Adolf Loos and the Culture of the Case. The Art Bulletin 94.3 (2012): 437-57.Sullivan, Louis. Ornament in Architecture. The Engineering Magazine, 1892, Svendsen, Christina. Hiding in Plain Sight: Problems of Modernist Self-Representation in the Encounter between Adolf Loos and Josephine Baker. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 46.2 (2013): 19–37.Tournikiotis,  Panayotis. Adolf Loos. Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.

The Ethical Dilemma Involving Many Co Operations And It Is...

1. INTRODUCTION There is an ethical dilemma involving many co-operations and it is trust. The values of a leader is crucial to an organization in regards to the choices and decisions they make. According to (Westaby et al, 2010) leaders have to make judgment calls in various aspects of the business and this could affect the work force and the organization as a whole. Ethics are from a person’s morals and (Cianci et al, 2014) states this comes from cultural influence, environment and business interests. Leaders are responsible for the motivation and drive of their subordinates to perform in the organization however without the employees trusting the leader to be ethical and a good decision maker especially concerning their well being, this could prove to be a futile task. Many people wonder what exactly ethical leadership? (Wright and Quick, 2011) explain that it stems from an individual’s character; there are classic opinions that both religion and philosophies play a major role in the formation of personality. They attribute the make up of the character to be from Christian belief brought on by Saint Paul that encourages â€Å"faith, hope and charity† and other Asian beliefs such as Confucianism, also there are earthly views of fairness and social awareness. Wright and Quick, (2011) are convinced that both the religious and logical view point of the world make up a person’s character. 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Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella Book Report/Review

Essays on Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella Book Report/Review The paper "Lean Culture for the Construction Industry by Santorella" is a good example of a book review on engineering and construction. Gary Santorella intended to examine thoroughly the usage of Lean programs in the construction sector (Santorella, 2010). This examination entailed tackling employee challenges in terms of performance and wastes by using behavioral psychology ideologies at both deliberate and tactical levels. Santorella also wanted to draw a link between their ways of construction experts serve as leaders and their ways their mindsets and behavior influence performance and waste on a daily basis (Santorella, 2010). The book intends to enlarge the idea of morals past the simple litmus assessment of good and bad. The author believes this purpose should enable group leaders to undertake formal and subtle mindsets and behaviors toward the application of the Lean enhancements. Opinion I think the book is a decent introduction to the Lean philosophy in an industrial setting. The book can assist a construction company to function as a group rather than competing members. This way, the organization can raise its output significantly simply by concentrating on processing data and using resources more proficiently. I will look forward to developing and strengthening a construction project within several weeks. I think this book would enable me to enforce the Lean culture in my group. It is important for construction project participants to be hands-on and straightforward. I can use the cases and narration is present in the book to emphasize chief points and concepts about being practical and straightforward to my project group. As a result, I should avoid poorly designed organizational constructs, ambiguous roles and duties, and unsettled interpersonal disputes.

A Farewell Essay Example For Students

A Farewell Essay One of the best novels of Ernest Hemingway is A Farewell to Arms. Hemingway takes much of his life story to his novels. A Farewell to Arms is the typical classic story that can refer to Romeo and his Juliet placed against the odds. In this novel, Romeo is Frederick Henry and Juliet is Catherine Barkley. Their love affair must survive the barrier of World War I. The background of war-torn Italy adds to the tragedy of the love story. The story starts when Frederick Henry is serving in the Italian Army. He meets his love in the hospital after he gets injured from the mortar attack. A Farewell to Arms is one of the best American novels because of the symbolism, the exciting plot and the characteristic of the main character, Lieutenant Henry. The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is very much apparent. For example, In the book, Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms, Malcolm Cowley focuses on the symbolism of rain. He sees rain a frequent occurrence in the book, as symbolizing disaster. He points out that, at the beginning of A Farewell to Arms, Henry talks about how things went very badly and how this is connected to At the start of the winter came permanent rain. In the book, Miss Barkley is afraid of the rain because she has a nightmare and she sees death in the rain. She says, Sometimes I see me dead in it, which she is referring to the rain as a death. It is raining the entire night when Miss Barkley is giving childbirth and when both she and her baby die.